navy foreign language pay list

1. Who is Eligible for FLPB Pay? 316 and 316a Public Law 106-65 section 625 October 5, 1999 DoDI 7280 3 of February 23, 2000 19-5. 5 Navy considers these Philippine Island dialects and languages one language group. Yearly Pay w/ Benefits. sydney domestic airport covidEntreDad start a business, stay a dad.. gmo negative effect on economy; rheese orbits positioning Comments or Suggestions about this website? We soldiers were an oddity on an AFB, but we had a good time with that. Portuguese dialects/languages In this case, youre paid at the lower rate. Authoritative Guidance . In an essay written by the nominee, not to exceed five double spacedtypewritten pages (11 point, Arial font), addressthe following topic: How do you sustain and improve your foreign language skillset, and how has that helped you in the accomplishment of your mission?. Hello Donovan, I recently discovered your website while searching for resources on Koine Greek, which I want to learn to better my understanding of the New Testament. Ive made a simplified table that explains monthly salary bonuses a little clearer: *The numbers here represent levels, with 1 being the lowest. Building sufficient LREC capacity to meet mission needs. Members who obtain a satisfactory DLPT score are eligible to receive incentive Foreign Language Proficiency Pay (FLPP). The Defense Department also has identified several languages as "abundant or surplus" for which sufficient strategic capability already . And no two days are the same. But I graduated DLI with a 2+/2+ on the DLPT. Make sure you're up-to-date with everything you've earned. navy foreign language pay list. All others MUST submit and complete OPIs prior to 30 November 2022 or wait until January 2023 to request an OPI. This applies to new military entrants as well as those already in the service who are looking to retrain. Here are the current languages on the DoD SLL (subject to change obviously): The Defense Finance and Accounting website lists current payment rates, as outlined in DoD FMR Vol. Do you have personal experience taking DLPT or DLAB? The first is the human intelligence collector; the second is the cryptologic linguist. Nearly all of the immediate and emerging languages are African, Middle Eastern or Asian, though none are from East Asia. If you want to be a translator and work on the intelligence side of the Navy, there are several second languages that might be useful 1. The DLAB tests how well a person could theoretically learn foreign languages. Although figures weren’t immediately available on the number of Japanese test takers at Yokosuka, college officials said that more sailors have already taken language tests in 2011 than they did during 2009 or 2010. Korean (KP/KOR)3 Soldiers with a language-dependent MOS, lAW AR 11-6 and . Read more. MCO 7220.52F 27 SEP 2016 3 a list of languages eligible for FLPB t o complement the SLL . Spanish (QB/SPA)3 The proctor explained about the constructed languages. This instruction applies to all active duty Navy, Navy Reserve, and Department of the Navy civilian personnel. That said, with exposure to foreign language-learning concepts, most people can increase their score on the DLAB. Personnel Force InnovationFreedom of Information ActDFAS HotlineContact Us Accessibility / Section 508EEO / No Fear Act, An official website of the United States government, Providing payment services for the U.S. Department of Defense, Family Servicemember's Group Life Insurance, TSP Options for Active Duty Army, Navy, Air Force & Space Force, TSP Option for Army, Navy & Air Force Reserve, National Guard, Hosted by Defense Media Activity - WEB.mil. In the case of foreign languages or dialects where a DLPT or another test approved by OUSD P&R does not exist but an OUSD P&R-approved OPI is available, the Secretary may pay FLPB for the single S modality only. At DLI, Chinese has a very high wash out rate. For questions please contact the Navy Foreign Language Testing Office at, FY21 Navy Foreign Language Awards Winners, Congratulations to the winners of the FY21 Navy Foreign Language Awards, announced in, Command Language Program of the Year: Navy Information Operations Command Georgia (NIOC GA), Shannon M. Kent Award for Language Professional Excellence: CTI1(IW) Theamichaela Coyle, Information Warfare Training Command, Monterey CA, Senior Language Professional of the Year: CTIC(IW) Krystina Marshall, Cyber Strike Activity SIXTY THREE, Officer Language Professional of the Year: CDR Arthur Fong, NR INDOPACOM J3 PHH, Linguist of the Year: AM1(AW) Constantin Cazac, Defense Threat Reduction Agency. oh that sucks :0 how would I go about asking for bonus for the languages I know? Chinese dialects/languages4 This means that people who are proficient in multiple foreign languages may qualify for multiple FLPP payments (up to $1,000 per month). It actually has nothing to do with any specific language. War Hero. In the US Army, this enlisted career field is called Cryptologic Linguist. The Secretary may pay FLPB at the Category B scale to Service members who test proficient in an additional DoD or Service-approved dialect of a language for which they receive FLPB at the Category A rate. MARCH 3, 2023 Yesterday, Secretary of Defense Lloyd J. Austin III, published a Message to the Force to reaffirm his three priorities: defending the Nation, taking care of our people, and succeeding through teamwork. E-6. endstream endobj startxref Algerian (DH/ARQ) - navy foreign language proficiency bonus program manager, opnav n13f2, (703) 695-0812/dsn 225 or via email at nxag_n13f2@navy.mil. navy foreign language pay list. The Semper Fi Fund provides immediate financial assistance and lifetime support to post 9/11 wounded, critically ill and injured service members and their families. The Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center (DLIFLC) traces its roots to the eve of America's entry into World War II, when the U.S. Army established a secret school at the Presidio of San Francisco to teach the Japanese language.Classes began 1 November 1941, with four instructors and 60 students in an abandoned airplane hangar at Crissy Field. In the case where a members certified proficiency falls between two skill levels depicted, the member must be paid at the next lower skill level depicted (if at or above ILR skill level 2/2) where both proficiencies meet or exceed that lowest depicted payment threshold. In the mid-2000s, a series of U.S. Army Special Forces recruiting posters began appearing on Army installations across the country. 2. FLPP is authorized under Title 10 United States Code Section 1596 Foreign Language Proficiency: Special Pay for Proficiency Beneficial for Intelligence Interests and Title 10 It's just a different dialect, like American English vs. Australian English vs. English English. Reference (b) authorizes DoD components to develop and incentivize capability in languages not contained in the DoD list, but which may be required for current and projected mission needs. You'd be surprised at how many former military linguists forego high-paying civilian translation jobs due to burnout. Posted in these groups: NGB Foreign Language Edited 5 y ago Posted 5 y ago To issue the Navy Strategic Language List (SLL). One particular poster prompted more than a few eye rolls and laughs from the Special Forces community (commonly known as the Green Berets). They'll give a long notice whenever it does happen (such as when they removed dialect payments). Navy is soliciting for FY22 Navy Foreign Language Awards, announced in, Shannon M. Kent Award for Language Professional Excellence, Officer Language Professional of the Year, Civilian Language Professional of the Year, For FY22 nominations, review OPNAVINST 5400.46A. Gujarati (GW/GUJ) Cambodian (CA/KHM)3 Such persons can serve in an auxiliary capacity to fill gaps when needed. Learning languages for yourself, though, is best done through the many OU courses/language schools. 2. A job in the Naval Service means adventure, camaraderie - and lifelong prospects. For example people with foreign language skills have two career options in Army intelligence. High-priority jobs may come with a higher enlistment bonus or ship out more quickly once you join. For instance, a score of 85 is needed for Category I languages like French or Italian. Only for languages on the Payment List "A" or Payment List "B" are eligible for all soldiers, regardless of MOS. Brazilian (PQ/QPB)3 Uighur (UJ/UIG) Each has a minimum passing DLAB score associated with it. When it comes to assessing language skills, the military has it down to a science. If you are a linguist, Army will pay you for the languages you operationally use, Navy will pay for what languages you know. On the DLAB, one of the most critical skills on the listening test is to be able to discern which syllables were stressed. Which Loans Are OK, and Which Are Bad or Downright Crazy? At the time they were teaching foreign officers English and US Air Force personnel basic grammar and military terminology as prep before entering DLI. In order to be eligible for FLPB pay, you must be in one of the two following criteria: Be proficient (have DLPT score of at least 1/1) on at least one of the languages on Payment List A. from around the world. Some languages dont have all modalities/skills. Unless we suddenly deploy against China, I am not eligible as a 11B. 7A, Chapter 19. It's the verbal thing. However, many accepted students are required to take at least several weeks, if not months, of immersive language training at a DLI center to ensure 100% preparedness for their pending jobs. German (GM/DEU)3 It's quite the little scam, I'm surprised the DoD allows it. Foreign language proficiency pay is exactly what it sounds like. Test takers wear headphones for the audio portions, listen to snippets of audio recordings such as news or conversations, and answer questions based on their comprehension of what they heard. (2) The Secretary is authorized to publish an annual list of foreign lan- FLPP rates vary depending on your score and on the language itself (languages on the Strategic Language List are considered more critical; thus it pays extra to know them). Every day you make a difference. The Secretary has discretion to pay FLPB at the ILR skill levels 1/1 and 1+/1+. And then they expect him to be able to listen to Columbian drug runners and figure out what they're saying. Learn about the best language resources that I've personally test-driven. Kurdish dialects/languages 5 Questions to Ask Yourself Before You Buy a Home, The 4 Worst Things You Can Do Before Getting a Mortgage to Buy a Home. Disclaimer: MilitaryRates.com is a private website that is not affiliated with the U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, any U.S. government agencies, or any U.S. military branches. Numbers shown are based on an average of salary, housing & food allowances and health coverage with dependents. To give you a quick overview:1) First apply through your education officer to undertake the Modern Languages Aptitude Test (MLAT)2) On successful completion and recording onto JPA as a competency, speak again to your education officer about what languages you can learn/get paid extra for. 1596 and 10 U.S.C. But if youre up for a challenge and [], FEBRUARY 28, 2023 For military members facing unexpected and emergency expenses, online cash advance services can provide fast and critical financial relief. Navy Makes Cuts to Foreign Language Pay List. Service members are not authorized to receive both FLPP I (Career Linguist) and FLPP II (Non-Career) simultaneously, although members may receive FLPP for multiple languages as long as the maximum monthly FLPP does not exceed $1000.00 for Active and $500.00 for Guard and Reserve. HIGH-PRIORITY ROLES. The Navy Senior Language Authority and Navy Language, Regional Expertise, and Culture Office (OPNAV N13F) announces release of updated Foreign Language Proficiency Bonus (FLPB) program guidance which goes into effect for active and reserve Sailors on March 1, 2023. Persian-Afghan (Dari) (PG/PRS) Gallantry: Biden presents Medal of Honor to retired Army Col. Paris Davis for his heroics in Vietnam, US to send bridge-launching vehicles for tank deployments to Ukraine in new $400M aid package, Japan complains to US over Utah senators remarks on imprisoned Navy officer, Military, VA provide troops, vets more gun safety options to help reduce suicides, Pentagon tells service members to stop displaying giant US flags at major events, K-Town Now features the latest news from the Kaiserslautern Military Community. The Secretary must pay Immediate and Emerging DoD SLL category languages (at ILR skill level 2/2 and above). A total of 500 scholarship grants, each for $2,000, will be awarded for the 2023-24 school year with at least one recipient selected at every commissary location where [], MARCH 2, 2023 All resumes serve the same purpose but arent all the same. 3 PIF language Paragraph 4 of this notice pertains. Uzbek (UX/UZB) By dirk nowitzki myteam 2k21 green fbi warning screen 1997. navy foreign language pay list. Members of the Selected Reserve who meet the same requirements but perform a partial, qualifying year of service can also receive the bonus pay with their monthly amount prorated. f. The total amount of language pay made to a DCIPS employee will be determined by the I remember one audio question asked us to choose the word that was accented differently from the other three. European (PT/QPE)3 To be considered for selection into the U.S. Navy SEALS or Special Warfare Combatants (SWCC), you must meet the following requirements: You must be a United States citizen in order to apply. For example, a question might start by saying that, in the target language, the word dheb means book., It then notes that to make a word feminine, the suffix -a must be added. "The limits of my language mean the limits of my world. Yoruba (YQ/YOR) Fulani (FV/FUL) What Is Foreign Language Proficiency Pay? The Secretary has discretion to pay or not pay FLPB on the scale bounded by zero and the Category A rate and at any 25 dollar increment between those lower and upper FLPB pay limits. Training is conducted at the Defense Language Institute (DLI) in Monterey, California. For those in the service who wish to retrain as a linguist or qualify for Foreign Language Proficiency Pay, the military personnel section can schedule these exams locally. I didn't know what I wanted to do when I joined the Army, so said "yes" when asked about taking the test. For example, job seekers looking for a government or military position often struggle with resume writing more than others because of how long, detailed, and specific military resumes are supposed to be. Navy Personnel Command officials were not available this week for further comment. Ive included the ADF data as a point of comparison (and also because its the one I have personal experience applying for). 2. Navy's language, regional expertise, and culture (LREC) program is part of a DoD-wide program, and managed to maximize LREC capabilities through recruitment and accession policies, skill. Military Department concerned has identified a critical need. Min (CD/YD/NAN)3 The Learning and Development offer is highlighted below. But sometimes, a guy who just took the test might say to his buddy, who is about to take the test, "Hey Joe, let me tell you about a dream I had last night. Urdu (UR/URD), Amharic (AC/AMH) Verify your free subscription by following the instructions in the email sent to: A 4.6% pay raise has been proposed for 2023, but will it keep up with inflation? You'll also have a far better quality of life and promote 2X faster to E-6. On payday it's like, "Hmm, what am I going to due with this extra $300". To understand how pay inversions happen, you'll need to get your head around how your retirement will be calculated. Turkish (TU/TUR) Ukrainian (UK/UKR) what is the learning and development organisation? According to the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, free military, financial assistance, and resources are []. Reservists who perform a partial qualifying year of less than 50 retirement points will have their monthly amount prorated accordingly. Hausa (HS/HAU) Military pay benefits are constantly changing. Thus, in order to train into a specific language, the test taker must achieve a specific DLAB result to qualify. Petty Officer 1st Class. Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans of America (IAVA) is the nation's largest nonprofit, nonpartisan organization representing new veterans and their families. (2) Defense Civilian Intelligence Personnel System employees eligible for FLPP, Maximizing opportunities at existing education and training structures, leveraging ethnic diversity, rewarding language proficiency. Operation Supply Drop is a 501(c)(3) military charity supporting active-duty and veteran troops of the United States Military and Her Allies since 2010 by bringing fun where there is none. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. More information on civilian foreign language proficiency pay may be found in local command instructions or in DoD Instruction 1400.25, volume 2016, DoD Civilian Personnel Management System: Administration of Foreign Language Pay for Defense Civilian Intelligence Personnel System (DCIPS) Employees, of 15 June 2015. As mentioned, the test doesnt use real languages; it uses bits of fake languages, which the test taker has to decipher in some manner (depending on the type of question). Singhalese (SJ/SIN) Edit: this rumor does come and go, however. Disability compensation is paid to veterans disabled by an injury or illness that was incurred or aggravated during active Copyright 2023 Military.com. /*# sourceMappingURL=https://www.redditstatic.com/desktop2x/chunkCSS/TopicLinksContainer.3b33fc17a17cec1345d4_.css.map*/. B. A forum to discuss Navy Recruiters, processing at MEPS, Delayed Entry Program, Enlisted Ratings, "A" Schools, Officer Candidate School, Recruit Training Command, and transferring to your first command. FLPP is payable in addition to all other pay and allowances, but members are not authorized to receive both FLPP I (Career Linguist) and FLPP II (Non-Career) simultaneously. I got a score that impressed the intake people and was given a list of languages and the bonuses paid after graduating DLI. I was at the MEPS in St Louis back in '82 when i first took the DLAB. Navy's LREC Office (OPNAV N13F)enhances these skills across the Fleet by: Have a question? Attachment 14 Foreign Language Proficiency Bonus Certified by: AF/A1 (Mr. Robert E. Corsi Jr.) Pages: 29 This instruction implements Department of Defense Instruction (DoDI) 1340.27, Military Foreign Language Skill Proficiency Bonus and AFPD36-40, Air Force Language, Region and Culture Program. Does the test happen at meps ? Section 353(b). Our sites contain basic information about veteran benefits, pay tables, current events, and news for active duty military personnel, military veterans, and their families. If youre getting Cat A pay for one language, they may only pay you Cat B pay for additional languages. The pressure is especially intense for the Army and Marine students, if they wash out they might end up in the Infantry. You talked about Foreign Language Proficiency Pay, here's a Fun Fact: The military considers Farsi and Dari to be two separate languages, they each have their own school at DLI and their own DLPT. Bengali (BN/BEN) Foreign Language Proficiency Pay / Foreign Language Proficiency Bonus, How to Avoid the Military 'COLA Trap' by Getting Smart About Your Retirement Date, Video: How Military-Connected Students Can Find Flexible Education, Hawaii Congressional Delegation Asks IRS to Exempt Red Hill Families, DoD Still Hasn't Released a Form Needed for Retirees One-Time Chance to Change SBP, Veterans' Emergency Room Bills Could Get Repaid by VA Thanks to Change, Army Urges Soldiers to Check Their Records in New HR System After String of Glitches, Opt Out or Pay: All Troops to Automatically Get Life Insurance March 1. The written part requires reading long passages of various content types, then answering questions related to the text. Ok that's all i've got for now, goodnight, Italian Demonstrative Pronouns And Adjectives (With Examples), French Vocabulary And Phrases For Military Personnel, 9 Best Sites To Find (And Schedule) Spanish Tutors, Chinese Isn't That Hard To Learn (Here's How Long It Takes), How To Order And Describe Sushi In Japanese (+ Read A Menu), 13 Most Useful Japanese Translator Apps, Sites & Extensions. If you are a linguist, Army will pay you for the languages you operationally use, Navy will pay for what languages you know. For every "+" above a 2, you get an additional $50/mo. Levantine (AP/QLB) So 1/1 could be, for example, Speaking Level 1/Reading Level 1, whereas 3/3/3 would be Speaking Level 3, Reading Level 3, Listening Level 3. The Navy Foreign Language Testing Program is an essential component of the Navy Language, Regional Expertise, and Culture (LREC . I am trying to find foreign language pay list. Follow our feed on Facebook for learning resources, and relevant LREC articles and media. $84,676.64 Avg. 3. However, because of their unique attributes, other agencies and countries occasionally use the tests as well, for various purposes. These military pay tables apply to active members of the Navy, Marine Corps, Army, Air Force, Coast Guard and Space Force. ", Australian Defence Force language allowances, Languages fall under four different categories of difficulty, language pay allowances for Australian defence force personnel, Acholi (spoken in parts of Sudan and Uganda). Navy classifies both as "enduring languages" and already "prevalent in the force." FLPB pay (language pay) will only go to linguists in that case. Everyone in the Navy is expected to speak, and be literate, in English. The ADF places a higher value on South-East Asian languages (for obvious reasons). The sixth section is visual only, with some questions featuring scenarios that the test taker must complete. Maguindanao (NG/MDH) Languages on the proficiency pay list can change at any time . Indonesian dialects/languages All possible ILR skill level proficiency combinations are not depicted. Actually, what we did on the job would be more accurately called gisting, rather than translation. Foreign Language Proficiency Pay (FLPP) An officer or enlisted member of the Armed Forces who has been certified as proficient in a foreign language within the past 12 months (or 12 months plus 180 days when called or recalled to active duty in support of contingency operations) may be paid Foreign Language Proficiency Pay (FLPP). Military pay will see a 4.6% increase for 2023 compared to 2022 levels, after President Joe Biden signs the new rate into law. Those determinations are now made according to payment . 6 Navy considers these Vietnamese dialects and languages one language group. Maybe somebody who has access to it can tell you more, but I don't think the navy actually releases that publicly. OSLO. Military Foreign Language Skill Proficiency Bonuses. The list is used to shape foreign language capability and capacity in the force, prioritize development of related training, and facilitate administration of Navys Foreign Language Proficiency Bonus (FLPB) Program as contained in reference (a). I'm an Applied Linguistics graduate, teacher and translator with a passion for language learning (especially Arabic). point of contact is mr. darrin williams at (850) 452-1001/dsn 922 option 3 ext 1538, or email at darrin.williams@navy.mil. tu. Depending on how they test, servicemen and women can earn between $100 and $500 per month for a single foreign language or dialect. Navy's language, regional expertise, and culture (LREC) program is part ofa DoD-wide program,and managed to maximize LREC capabilities through recruitment and accession policies, skill development, maintenance, enhancement, employment, and incentivizing of skillsaligned to mission needs. For Airmen, foreign language skills can mean increased pay and more career options. Yearly Pay w/ Benefits. Arabic dialects), so Reading isnt an option. hbbd``b`A` $,@ [b-A H2@#c"HTq They are intended to assess the general language proficiency of native English speakers in a specific foreign language, in the skills of reading and listening. It turns out that native Spanish speakers have trouble with this, because Spanish has strict rules about which syllables are stressed, and they aren't used to the variety of stressed syllables that the made-up language on the DLAB uses. The Iranian people are great, but they are trapped and oppressed by a tyrannical government. Chapter 19-Special Pay-Foreign Language Proficiency 1901-Entitlement Provisions + 190101 37 U.S.C. The Air Force calls them Cryptologic Language Analysts, while the Navy uses the term Cryptologic Technician Interpretive. Some questions are multiple-choice while others require constructed-response test responses (meaning the answer must be written out). Arabic Yemeni (AU/QAY) review and provide input to development of the DoD strategic language list (SLL) in coordination with Navy language, regional expertise, and culture stakeholders; (b) at least annually, review Navy's SLL and, in coordination with Navy language, . Subscribe to Military.com to receive updates on all of your military pay and benefits, delivered directly to your inbox. (Farsi linguists refer to Dari as "ghetto Farsi"). More . 3. However, they still may only pay you for one level (theyll make that determination). Kurmanji (XK/KMR) Or a 2/3 would be $300. The scheduling of Oral Proficiency Interviews (OPIs) during the month of December 2022 will be reserved for service members enrolled in language training, hosted by Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center (DLIFLC) with an end of course requirement to complete the OPI for graduation. army language training. Encl: (1) Navy Strategic Language List 1. keene, ca haunted hospital; ripley county drug bust; riverside county property tax due dates 2021; delaware county daily times archives The Learning and Development Organisation (LDO) enables Naval Service personnel to access learning, development and resettlement support. Central (VC/QNC)3 Tamil (TC/TAM) 531 0 obj <>stream But that's a whole nother story. The Air Force, Army and Marine Corps also maintain language bonus pay systems, which vary according to their particular needs. Navy classifies both as "enduring languages" and already "prevalent in the force." The test then was a mix of audio questions and book work with various linguistic concepts like noun declension/cases, aspect, etc. YOKOSUKA NAVAL BASE, Japan — Proficient speakers of Japanese, Korean and four other languages will be receiving hundreds of dollars less in their Navy paychecks, beginning this month. . 1596a. At the time the need for Russian linguists was so great that the DoD opened a second Foreign Language Center just for Russian at the DLI English Language Center at Lackland AFB in San Antonio, Texas. Home MilitaryMembers payentitlements Pay Tables DofAuth Duration of Authority The following table has the duration of authority dates for various entitlements. The languages are now considered “enduring” and “prevalent in the force,” meaning they are still strategically important, but that the numbers of speakers in the Navy exceeds mission needs. Most of the people that fail are sent to learn Spanish. You need a valid reason and a military or government email to get the latest info. Meanwhile, to form a possessed noun, one must add the suffix -la., After this information is presented, the test offers multiple choice answers to a question such as: Which word refers to her book?. army language codes. Tadjik (TB/TGK) Certain languages are rated as more difficult than others. Navy Personnel Command officials were not available this week for further comment. %%EOF 2. FLPP rates vary depending on your score and on the language itself (languages on the Strategic Language List are considered more critical; thus it pays extra to know them). For those entitlements requiring a written agreement, no agreement may be entered into after the specified ending date, unless authorized by Congress. Divehi (DV/DIV) army languages in demand. The second use of the DLPT is to test speakers of other languages who arent working in a linguistics career field. The first five are audio, and the test taker wears headphones to listen to prompts and mark their answers. The Army will only pay one dialect per language 2. They are typically done at a proctored testing facility on-base, where test takers can access the necessary materials and be monitored. If you already speak a foreign language upon joining the military, they will give you the Defense Language Proficiency Test, and your score will determine your foreign language proficiency pay. Each service secretary certifies FLPP annually, based on: Service members must be deemed proficient in a combination of at least two of the three modalitiesListening (L), Reading (R), and Speaking (S) of their Services discretion, in a language on the Department of Defenses Strategic Language List (DoD SLL). The member must be certified as proficient using the proficiency skill levels shown in any combination of two of the three modalities (L, R, and S) of the Services determination in order to receive FLPB. The Defense Language Proficiency Test is a function of the Defense Language Institute which is responsible for training military linguists in a variety of non-English languages which have in the past included Urdu, Cantonese, Kurdish, and a variety of others.

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