pros and cons of descriptive representation

Naturalistic observation also gives the observers little to no control which gives the observer pure, non-corrupted data. British Journal of Political Science, 39(01), 141162. Gay, C. (2002). List of Pros of Experimental Research. All data and replication code for this paper can be accessed at http://dx.doi.org/10.7910/DVN/JWXMFE. helvetia 20 franc gold coin 1947 value; pros and cons of descriptive representation. Research questions are the first step to takebefore starting to study something that intrigues us. Hansen, S. B. In many areas of public administration and policy, the importance of descriptive representation or shared identity and perceived shared experience for racial and ethnic minorities is well documented. 3. This makes it easy for students to see where they stand in their academic performance. suggest descriptive representation leads to substantive representation in Congress. Google Scholar. Journal of Politics, 68(2), 233247. Through rigorous research, we offer gender insights into work, politics, and conflict that have the potential to reduce or eliminate barriers so all people can fulfill their life aspirations unconstrained by gender bias. Constituency, party, and representation in Congress. The collection of research focuses on experimental approachesboth in the field and in the laboratoryand draws from multiple disciplines, including economics, psychology, and organizational behavior. 2. First, the effects of a politician's race is likely to WAPPP's Gender Action Portal (GAP) team is committed to intersectionality as a core guiding principle for our work in gender policy research translation. Under proportional representation, everyone would have an opportunity to have their views represented in their government in some way. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. Stealth democracy: Americans beliefs about how government should work. Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive research. Political Analysis, 20(3), 351368. A contingent yes. The brevity by which descriptive investigations are carried out means that their costs are not high, compared to other types of investigations. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Descriptive Research, Different research methods have contrasting directions and distinct heights of gravity. Sample : A Sample data set contains a . According to CIRT, qualitative research studies can provide you with details about human behavior, emotions, and personality characteristic. Post author: Post published: June 9, 2022 Post category: girls night out restaurants Post comments: new townhomes london ontario new townhomes london ontario There are two ways to carry out a pre-experimental design, which are as follows: In the case of descriptive research, there are three techniques to carry it out: Observation is one of the most used techniques when conducting descriptive research. It conforms to what the rest of the world is doing. This article examines theoretical expectations on the importance of descriptive representation. There are three main types of descriptive methods: observational methods, case-study methods and survey methods. The effect of descriptive representation on the relationship between citizens and their government. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Tyler, T. R. (1988). To carry out a descriptive research, it is necessary to know in advance the variables that will be analyzed, since this type of research is not dedicated to the search for variables, but to their study. Descriptive researchis atype of researchthat is responsible for describing the population situation or phenomenon around which his study focuses. For instance: watching a person (or people) order food, hold a door open for another person, or greet someone would be considered a few examples of naturalistic observation. Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive research. More is better: The influence of collective female descriptive representation on external efficacy. Supporters of descriptive representation anticipate that descriptive representatives behave in distinct ways through which they are able to provide better substantive representation than non-descriptive representatives. Patterns and correlations are clear and visible: Statistical data is data that has already been analyzed and therefore the patterns and correlations have already been done and are clear and visible. Copyright 2023 The President and Fellows of, The Black Agenda with Anna Gifty Opoku-Agyeman, Continuing Conflict: Old Challenges and New Debates, Revenge of the Patriarchs Why Autocrats Fear Women, We are a tinderbox: Political violence is ramping up, experts warn, Eliana La Ferrara: An economist looking at the world through a wider lens, Hourly and gig workers have it worse than we thoughtand why that matters for u, The reversal of reproductive rights in America is contrary to global trends. ups order supplies unavailable; beaver creek club colorado. Public Opinion Quarterly, 45(1), 91. Descriptive representation in legislatures and political alienation among latinos. Descriptive research is a type of research that is used to describe a population or phenomenon. It is for this reason that it can be said that a descriptive research is quantitative. 3. Sociological Forum, 8(2), 243271. Advantage The brevity by which descriptive investigations are carried out means that their costs are not high, compared to other types of investigations. 17 Pivotal Hydroelectricity Pros and Cons, 18 Major Advantages and Disadvantages of the Payback Period, 20 Advantages and Disadvantages of Leasing a Car, 19 Advantages and Disadvantages of Debt Financing, 24 Key Advantages and Disadvantages of a C Corporation, 16 Biggest Advantages and Disadvantages of Mediation, 18 Advantages and Disadvantages of a Gated Community, 17 Big Advantages and Disadvantages of Focus Groups, 17 Key Advantages and Disadvantages of Corporate Bonds, 19 Major Advantages and Disadvantages of Annuities, 17 Biggest Advantages and Disadvantages of Advertising. the six voting members of the House being women. The research can utilize methods such as surveys, observation, field experiments, interviews and number analysis. It evaluates empirical evidence on the impact of race, gender, and ethnicity on the behavior of legislators. In the administration of elections, poll workers serve as the face of elections and are the street level bureaucrats that voters interact with most. The analysis will stress that the deliberative function of democracy requires de-scriptive representation far more than does the aggregative function. Should blacks represent blacks and women represent women? During elections, millions of citizens vote in person either before or on Election Day. We also demonstrate that the degree of descriptive representation desired is conditional on the nature of the policy being considered. This is an increasing trend since the previous Congress had three states which had, Further, immigrants also form part of Congress who totals. Survey of the Performance of American Elections. As in all types of research, the data provided by descriptive research must be both accurate and reliable. In 2022, HKS doctoral student Anna Gifty Opoku-Agyeman published a critically acclaimed collection, The Black Agenda. WAPPP has compiled resources from across Harvard University on what the historic ruling means for reproductive rights and other protected civil liberties. ; ; . Bobo, L., & Gilliam, F. D, Jr. (1990). By conducting research and engaging with faculty and students at Harvard Kennedy School and beyond, the fellows enrich the intellectual life of the center. Campbell, D. E., & Wolbrecht, C. (2006). Descriptive research can be used to classify the data collected in the study that is being carried out, separating them into different categories of description. That structure makes it easier for extremist views to find official representation. However, the disadvantages of descriptive research include that it can be limiting, cannot identify cause and effect, and may be biased. The substantive results are unchanged when we run the analyses on each dependent variable separately. Request Permissions, Published By: The University of Chicago Press. Descriptive research is one of the most basic forms of research that can be conducted to gain insights into a particular subject. These individuals are served byalmost one million citizens who volunteer to serve as poll workers at more than 100,000 polling locations across the United States. Naturalistic observations were used by Charles Darwin during his research on chimpanzee; nonetheless, Charles Darwin was so fascinated by observing how primates and humans are acting in similar ways and having influence to another. Learn more about Institutional subscriptions. When voters vote in person, poll workers are the street level bureaucrats charged with complying with local, state, and federal laws, setting up the polling location, checking voters in and verifying voter registration status, providing assistance and remedy when there are problems with the voting machines, responding to citizens concerns and questions, and closing the polling location. This choice is guarded by the topic of study, the advantages and disadvantages, and the strengths and weaknesses of using either one or the other type of the methodologies. Procedural justice: A psychological analysis. Usually, the cross-sectional or transectional design is the most used to carry out this type of research, although it is also possible to use the pre-experimental design. village 201 new townhomes by alliance development virginia palmer elementary school staff. Correspondence to Book While 1:15 pm (Babbie, 2008), The type of research design that is used during this research is known as qualitative research. (1997). (2010). Journal of Politics, 65(4), 10401061. Like all different types of research, descriptive research has both advantages and disadvantages. The Journal of Politics features balanced treatments of research from scholars around the world, in all subfields of political science including American politics, comparative politics, international relations, political theory, and political methodology. With the scope of contemporary technology, we are able to access information from various studies that have occurred around the world. Lawless, J. L. (2004). This article is called What Happens to Mental Health Treatment During Pregnancy? Heres what we know. However the disadvantages are; lack of control of variables, observer bias, limited to public places or certain types of behaviours, which may create ethical issues. Some examples of descriptive investigations may be the following: Studying the penguin population that exists in the South Georgia Islands is a descriptive investigation that answers the what and where. Schwindt-Bayer, L. A., & Mishler, W. (2005). The gender gap in Latin America: Contextual and individual influences on gender and political participation. Proportional representation, sometimes called simply PR, is defined as an electoral system in which parties gain seats in proportion to the number of votes cast for them.. In each case, we find that in a given Congress, legislators are around 6-9 percentage points more likely to contact federal agencies on behalf of constituents with whom they share background char-acteristics, when compared to their nonveteran, male, or white . Thequalityof poll workers,experienceswith voting equipment and technology, andevaluationsof polling locations can all affect how confident citizens are in elections. They have no way of having that vote be represented. We would say that a black constituent is descriptively Collective vs. dyadic representation in Congress. Poll workers are an integral component of successfully conducting and managing elections in the United States. Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138. These descriptive representations reflect the usage characteristics of the end product, what the owner (s) are going to do with the end product, or how they will use it once they get it in their possession. Critical Mass and Women's Substantive Representation Women's descriptive representation and the literature that addresses the means by which more women might be elected to national office involve, at face value, number-based models. Spirals of trust? That means those who serve in the government are less likely to focus on local issues as they have no local representation responsibilities. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data (Sharma, 2019). Carrying out a descriptive investigation that collects data about the political party that people will choose in the next elections, it is possible to predict, with a margin of error, the result that will be obtained in them. Naturalistic observational research is important because it allows researchers to observe people in a natural habitat without any variable manipulation. A current officeholder. American Political Science Review, 95, 589602. 5. 3. Vincent. Due to the relatively small number of African Americans in our sample, we report 90% confidence intervals throughout for both white and black subjects. Schwindt-Bayer, L. A. Representation is crucial for democracy: good representation helps to increase re-sponsiveness, foster electoral turnout, increase political interest and include minori-ties. American Journal of Political Science, 640652. Race, political empowerment, and minority perceptions of judicial fairness. See Jane run: Women politicians as role models for adolescents. Problems of Descriptive Representation in Dutch Works Councils. The data from a descriptive research project can be collected from one person or a small group of people. Italy has proportional representation built into their government structures. The descriptive evaluation is the process of gathering, analyzing and interpreting information using different tools It is more difficult to have extremism in government when proportional representation is in place as a full majority is more difficult to achieve. The Gender and Conflict initiative unites faculty, students, and researchers at Harvard Kennedy School and beyond to study gender in non-violent and violent social movements and the social and institutional factors influencing the prevalence of gender-based violence. both the seat in the House of Representative and the Senate (Geiger et al). Pros and Cons: Getting a Professional vs. In this contribution we distinguish the substantive and the descriptive approach of representation. Gomez( 2006)argues naturalistic observations of primates show that how certain objects is intrinsic part of primate lives, from simple food collecting process as taking certain organic fruits. Given this, confidence in the accuracy of elections and the outcomes that they produce requires that voters trust not only their local processes and procedures, but also those across their state and the nation. Under the system of proportional representation, any party with a high enough percentage of the vote will receive a seat in the government. When Descriptive Research is the Right Choice The article concludes with a discussion on the important avenues for future research as the level of diversity in Congress increases and more . Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive research. These respondents were excluded from analysis. It has received increasing attention as a source of subjects for social science researchers. Hero, R. E. & Tolbert, C. J. In addition, it obtains information on the phenomenon or situation to be studied, using techniques such as observation and survey, among others. However, if researchers want to understand why something is happening, they may need to use other research methods. To investigate other possible predictors of perceptions of fairness, we also re-ran the results adjusting for several demographic and political covariates. By using descriptive research in conjunction with other research methods, researchers can gain a more complete understanding of a particular topic or phenomenon. 2. This is the conceptual view of the end product, whatever the owner can think about relative to its use. There were 23 respondents who self-identified as Mixed Race, but they were not required to identify what combination of races they identify as. However, descriptive research can also be limiting. In addition, it allows obtaining data, or information, of the quantitative or qualitative type: Using the case study it is possible to carry out a slightly more detailed analysis of the event, as well as to study in detail groups or subjects separately. The collection of data is quick and easy to conduct, especially when doing surveys. There were pre-determined characteristics that the researchers wrote down on a spreadsheet, however, specific behaviors were recorded as they happened (i.e., the type of reaction that resulted from each person who picked up the card). Buhrmester, M., Kwang, T., & Gosling, S. D. (2011). The Journal of Politics, 61(03), 628657. The upsides of using descriptive research include that it is easy to conduct, can be used to gather large amounts of data, and can provide a foundation for further research. A: MMP or mixed-member proportional representation is a political system used in places like New Zealand and Germany, where voters cast a two-part ballot, selecting both a preferred local. It is discussed in this paper as a means to enhance the declining legitimacy of Dutch works councils as important sites of democratic decisionmaking in their own right. Today, the Journals Division publishes more than 70 journals and hardcover serials, in a wide range of academic disciplines, including the social sciences, the humanities, education, the biological and medical sciences, and the physical sciences. Atkeson, L. R., & Carrillo, N. (2007). Specifically, the data were used to determine if black voters who interacted with a black poll worker on Election Day were likely to be more confident when compared to black voters who interacted with a poll worker of another race/ethnicity. For a discussion of the representativeness and validity of MTurk as a data source, see Buhrmester etal. " The Pros and Cons of Gender Quota Laws: What Happens When You Kick Men Out and . The advantages to his method are; realistic natural behaviours, low demand characteristics, can generate new ideas for research and test existing findings. Instead, proper representation for some is rooted in the racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, gender, and sexual identity of the representatives themselves. The researcher usually has high level of control over research variables. In Belgium, the negotiations required after their 2010 election to form a governing coalition took 18 months to complete, leaving a crippled government in its place where nothing got done. (2005). Advantages: unbiased distribution of confounders; blinding more likely; randomisation facilitates statistical analysis. Mailbox 100 2. As political parties, legislative committees, and voters weigh the pros and cons of descriptive representation, this analysis argues for attention to the specific historical contexts that make descriptive representation most useful. Politics of presence? In this paper, I analyse the pros and cons of the latter. In a PR system, the congressional districts are much bigger, voters focus more on. - Volume 55 Issue 2. We honor this tradition and work toward a gender equity agenda that addresses the needs of all women, including Indigenous women and Indigenous communities. The Journal of Politics While descriptive research can be a powerful tool, it has its pros and cons. Given the important role that poll workers play as the street level bureaucrats that voters encounter and the role that descriptive representation can play in legitimizing government, it stands to reason that for minority voters, interacting with a poll worker of similar racial identity will increase confidence in elections. It can only describe a situation and cannot explain why something is happening. As I write, descriptive representation by gender improves substantive outcomes for women in every polity for which we have a measure. It reduces the effects of extremism in politics. It allows different voices to be heard. New Haven: Yale University press. Researchers surely appreciate the ease of which they are able to problem solve, collect data and share the results of their, Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development. (1997). It makes things easier for extreme parties to gain representation. There are woman that dont the help because is challenge to get mental health. Population : A data set contain all members of a specified group (the entire list of data values). II. Not all cues are created equal: The conditional impact of female candidates on political engagement. Bridgett King recently presented a paper at the 2018 annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association entitled, Descriptive Representation in Election Administration: Poll Workers and Voter Confidence. Here, Professor King summarizes her analysis from that paper. Apr 10, 2015. Womens Experience with Prescribing Providers? The study included pregnant women that are depressed. Researchers often times are faced with the decision of choosing a methodology of research; either Quantitative or Qualitative that they think best fits their study and objectives. PubMedGoogle Scholar. American Politics Research, 43, 144169. 4612. 2. These proportional representation pros and cons have certain benefits that allow for greater inclusion and variety. Pros: 1. The analysis will stress that the deliberative function of democracy requires descriptive representation far more . tees, and voters weigh the pros and cons of descriptive representation, this analysis argues for attention to the specific historical contexts that make descrip-tive representation most useful. The research survey is one of the most widely used instruments when conducting descriptive research, where the number of samples to be taken is large. There are times when a strong majority in the government is required to push through needed reforms. GAP added 6 new summaries on intersectionality in 2022, bringing the total intersectional summaries to 61, 21% of all research included on GAP. Until a candidate reaches more than the set share of votes, no one is declared a winner. Pitkin, H. F. (1967). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-016-9345-9. par | Juin 16, 2022 | east bridgewater town election 2021 | valleydale hot dogs | Juin 16, 2022 | east bridgewater town election 2021 | valleydale hot dogs ; ; (2011) and Berinsky etal. Instead it tells us the what question what are the traits of the citizens or situation being studied? Higher levels of education were associated with higher perceptions of fairness. The data obtained by conducting a descriptive. volume39,pages 3150 (2017)Cite this article. This may help you better understand research findings, whether reported in the mainstream media, or when reading a research study on your own. Pros and cons of working with samples. When a person is unaware they are being observed it reduces change in behavior, which can occur when if they are aware that they are being observed. In many areas of public administration and policy, the importance . Explore a selection of resources that raise the visibility of transgender people and address issues members of the community face. During the fall 2022 semester, students across Harvard University examined women's education as both a preventative tool and as a perpetrator of conflict in a course taught by Rangita de Silva de Alwis, HKS Adjunct Professor of Public Policy. To obtain quantitative information, statistical and numerical study methodologies are used, where information about values such as weight, scale and years, among others, is obtained. Probability of very confident evaluation of ballot accuracy. By making the decision-making process more . (2010). This information can be used to develop hypotheses for further research. WAPPP Co-Director Iris Bohnet will be a featured panelist in the upcoming policy forum on Using Innovation and Technology to Advance Gender Equality" hosted by @ipinst, @swiss_un, and @INTGenderChamps. Engendering politics the impact of descriptive representation on womens political engagement in sub-Saharan Africa. Tate, K. (2001). It does not provide direct representation to specific communities. pros and cons of descriptive representation. Lack of Secrecy: Graphical representation makes the full presentation of information that may hamper the objective to keep something secret.. 5. The seldom receive access to the majority coalition and rarely earn an absolute majority, but there is always the possibility that their voiced opinions will gain traction with the general population. It seeks to provide information about the what, how, when, and where of the research problem, without giving priority to answering the why of the problem. How Do People React When They Encounter Problems While Voting? It describes the characteristics of a citizens or circumstance being studied. The article focuses on descriptive representation, which is a fundamental theoretical concept underpinning the introduction of gender quotas. Descriptive representation should be judged primarily on this criterion. American Political Science Review, 90, 794812. An experimental comparison study in which participants are allocated to treatment/intervention or control/placebo groups using a random mechanism (see randomisation). The structures behind proportional representation allow independent candidates and minority parties an opportunity to be elected, which can end the dynasties of the major political parties in that country.

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